From punch card machines to compute sticks

April, 23, 2015

The evolution of computers; a matter we must not underestimate

Would you believe it if I told you that the first use of the word ‘computer’ dates back to the 1600s? I kid you not. ‘The Young Man’s Gleanings’ by English author, Richard Braithwait, states, “I have read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that ever breathed, and he reduceth thy days into a short number.”[i]

It referred to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th Century. It is fascinating to think that the word ‘computer’ has existed for centuries over the course of several generations. Even Mr. Braithwait did not imagine this word would embed itself so deeply into the fabric of our society to become one of the most famous words spoken globally. The computer; it truly is a fascinating word.

A hard-earned history

For a good thousand years back, our ancestors used many devices to ease their calculations. Some of these devices included: the abacus; the Antikythera mechanism from ancient Greece; astrolabe which helped astronomers to calculate movements of stars and planets; the slide rule and many more. These original devices paved the way for Charles Babbage, the father of computing, to invent the first mechanical computer in 1833.

Babbage’s legendary ‘Difference Engine’ became the perfect model for next-generation computer inventors to research more about general-purpose computers. It used punched cards to input data, had a memory and even a logic unit to control the flow of data.[2]

Babbage’s work was then carried out by a number of computer scientists. Analog computers appeared during the 1870s and died down during the 1950s due to the advent of digital electronic computers. The great Alan Turing’s work on the Universal Turing Machine inspired a German engineer named Konrad Zuse to develop the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. Computers which had to re-wire in order to assist their fixed programmes were eliminated with the invention of stored programmes.

Early 1940s, the world saw the use of electronic elements and vacuum tubes inside computers. These vacuum tubes were later replaced by transistors and transistors’ fate was sealed by integrated circuits (ICs). Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce developed the first practical IC in 1950s but later, Noyce’s revolutionary use of silicon heralded the boom in the computer industry, which led the way to invent the microprocessor.

The arrival of the PC

While extensive developments in the computer industry continued, people were looking for a more personalized computer model. They wanted a computer, which could easily fit on to their desks because early minicomputers and workstations took up a lot of space. When IBM introduced the IBM PC (Personal Computer) in 1981, people thought that it came out of nowhere because the desktop’s journey was ruffled with false starts. The desktop PC revolution was a slow evolution at that time. However, the arrival of the IBM PC was a turning point. Only one year earlier, most professional offices were using dedicated word processing machines, and most home documents were produced on electric typewriters. Within a few years, the desktop PC had all but replaced office word processors, and many making it into people’s homes.

As desktop computing rapidly grew increasingly complex through more sophisticated programs, operating systems, and networking, the cost of corporate computer system support grew exponentially, and the frustrations of end users followed. These issues, multiplied by thousands of users, have driven corporate IT leaders toward radically different solutions for the desktop computer to control costs, improve the quality of the computer experience for the end user, and increase efficiency in the workforce. Manufacturers transformed the early desktop case into a tower case, giving end-users more room expansion. PC games in the 1990s pushed users to frequently upgrade their CPUs, sound cards and graphic cards for better desktop performance.

From the desk to your lap

In the third quarter of 2008, notebook shipments surpassed desktop PC shipments for the first time with 38.6 million units versus 38.5 million units3. Battery-powered portable devices became more popular in households than desktop PCs and with the arrival of netbooks and high-performing Ultrabooks, desktop PC manufacturers started developing more diverse PC form factors, including touchscreen devices, voice control, All-in-One (AIO), pAIO (portable All-in-One) and mini PCs.

We even talk about a post-PC trend with smartphones and tablets now being used for computing activities as well as desktop PCs and laptops. This whole new trend is a driving force in the industry with the number of devices being shipped every year measuring in billions4.

Size won’t matter anymore

The reduction of the size of computers has transformed the entire computer industry. Smaller computing form factors have been gathering significant momentum and we will continue to see this momentum of smaller and more powerful computing form factors as the industry evolves.

The advancements in users’ requirements challenged traditional PC companies to push the boundaries in computer manufacturing. From electro-mechanical computers to programmable devices, which used vacuum tubes; third generation mainframes with ICs to personal and portable computers powered by a small silicon chips; computers have come a long way. Will this evolution stop at any point?

At the recently concluded CES 2015 (Consumer Electronic Show) in the United States, Intel proved that this journey would be an unstoppable one. The Intel® Compute Stick1 was launched transforming any HDMI display into a fully functional computer, thanks to its quad core Intel® Atom® processor.  This new type of computing device is slightly larger than a USB pen drive but it includes 32GB of internal storage, built-in Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, and a Micro SD card expansion slot. The system performs just like other computers, but you can carry it in your luggage, anywhere you go.  Basically, it’s a computer that fits in the palm of your hand.

 

The Intel® Compute Stick1 has many practical applications, from small and medium sized business to schools or home entertainment. It’s ready to go out-of-the-box, and can plug into any HDMI monitor or TV, creating an instant computing experience.

The future promises many types of computers. As we speak, research is being conducted at labs to bring quantum computers, neural computers and DNA computers to life and embrace advanced technological fields, which would solve unsolved scientific mysteries. The question remains; will the evolution of computer stop at any point? We may never know.

By Indika De Zoysa (The writer is the Country Business Manager at Intel Sri Lanka Liaison Office)



[i] The definition for computer, Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford University Press.

[2] Halacy, Daniel Stephen (1970). Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer. Crowell-Collier Press

3 Source: iSuppli Market Research, December 2008

4 Source: IDC Worldwide Quarterly Mobile Phone Tracker, December 2014

Product and Performance Information

1This device has not been authorized as required by the rules of the Federal Communications Commission. This device is not, and may not be, offered for sale or lease, or sold or leased, until authorization is obtained.

Intel technologies’ features and benefits depend on system configuration and may require enabled hardware, software or service activation. Learn more at intel.com, or from the OEM or retailer.

© 2015 Intel Corporation

Intel, the Intel logo, {List of Intel trademarks} are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries.

*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

Video Story

A Crisis If Economy Does Not Grow – Sujeewa Mudalige & Talal RafiLiberal Handling of Market Will Continue | Duminda HulangamuwaTax exemptions have not served very well for SL - IMF's Peter Breuer ‘At Hydepark’SL tourism to showcase a new era of growth at WTM 2024 in LondonExclusive Interview with Dr. Nandalal Weerasinghe at Ada Derana Hyde ParkThe Nightly Business Report |17th May 2024The Nightly Business Report | 15th May 2024The Nightly Business Report | 13th May 2024The Nightly Business Report | 07 May 2024The Nightly Business Report | 30th April 2024The Nightly Business Report | 29th April 2024The Nightly Business Report | 26th April 2024The Nightly Business Report | 25th April 2024The Nightly Business Report | 22nd April 2024The Nightly Business Report | 19th April 2024The Nightly Business Report | 17th April 2024The Nightly Business Report | 16th April 2024The Nightly Business Report | 15th April 2024RICH MUST PAY MORE TAXES, IMF’S PETER BREUER & SARWAT JAHAN ‘AT HYDEPARK WITH INDEEWARI AMUWATTE’2024 Will Have More Positivity – CBSL Governor Dr. Nandalal Weerasinghe ‘@ HYDEPARKBudget 2024 - Dr. Roshan PereraWhat's happening to tourism ?SALIYA PIERIS & NALAKA GUNAWARDENE ON SL ONLINE SAFETY BILL - 'AT HYDEPARK WITH INDEEWARI AMUWATTE’Ravi Abeysuriya and Deshan Pushparajah join Indeewari Amuwatte 'At HydePark' on Ada Derana 24Former IMF-ICD director Dr. Sharmini Coorey joins Indeewari Amuwatte 'at HYDEPARK' on Ada Derana 24Dr. Priyanga Dunusinghe and Dr. Nadeem Ul Haque join Indeewari Amuwatte At HydeParkHEAD OF SOE RESTRUCTURING UNIT SURESH SHAH JOINS INDEEWARI AMUWATTE 'AT HYDEPARK' ON ADA DERANA 24Sri Lanka: Supporting Recovery and Promoting Stable & Inclusive GrowthCBSL Governor is confident that Sri Lanka will be able to achieve debt sustainability even before the timeframe envisaged through the IMF EFF programmeCSE had a bullish start for the week but later drop in prices capped early gains of the dayForeign Investors resulted a net foreign inflow of LKR 230 millionCSE continued to move upward ahead of monetary policy review meetingCSE records downward trend for second consecutive dayThe current tax policy is a rescue operation - PresidentCSE managed to secure its bull run for 2nd consecutive session in the weekCSE’s ASPI records massive gain - 20.02.2022Sri Lanka Stock Market 13.02.2023Sri Lanka Stock Market 10.02.2023Sri Lanka Stock Market 08.02.2023Sri Lanka Stock Market 03.02.2023Sri Lanka Stock Market 02.02.2023Govt needs to have a policy framework to bring about the necessary change - Ranjit PageSri Lanka Stock Market 26.01.2023Sri Lanka Stock Market 24.01.2023Sri Lanka Stock Market 20.01.2023Sri Lanka Stock Market 18.01.2023Sri Lanka Stock Market 13.01.2023Sri Lanka Stock Market 12.01.2023Alternative solutions for Sri Lanka's economic recovery - Dr. Howard Nicholas, EconomistSri Lanka Stock Market 10. 01. 2023Sri Lanka Stock Market 09.01.2023Sri Lanka Stock Market 04.01.2023Sri Lanka Stock Market 03.01.2023IMF bailout package can be approved by the global lender in January 2023 by which time Sri Lanka would have secured creditor assurances from countries including India and China – CBSL GovernorADA DERANA POST-BUDGET DISCUSSION ON 'RECOVERING FROM CRISIS, REGAINING STABILITY'CSE Chairman says they expect to introduce a host of new financial instruments to the Colombo Bourse by mid-2023Sri Lanka’s Turnaround Strategies and the Role of the International CommunityPresident Ranil addresses Sri Lankan diaspora in UKUSAID ADMINISTRATOR SAMANTHA POWER WITH INDEEWARI AMUWATTE AT HYDEPARK ON ADA DERANA 24PETROLEUM ENGINEER SALIYA WICKRAMASURIYA JOINS INDEEWARI AMUWATTE AT HYDEPARK ON ADA DERANA 24US Ambassador to Sri Lanka Julie Chung Joins Indeewari Amuwatte at Hydepark on Ada Derana 24Press Conference on Current Economic SituationSri Lanka may take weeks to hire debt advisers, Sabry saysExpert Panel of Industrialists Join Indeewari Amuwatte @HydeparkExperts Discuss How to Best Address Sri Lanka’s Economic Situation with Indeewari Amuwatte @HYDEPARK@Hyde Park with Indeewari Amuwatta | Srimathi ShivashankarHow can Sri Lanka reset and revive its economy while finding solutions to address a health crisis?CBSL Governor Ajith Nivard Cabraal Joins Indeewari Amuwatte @HYDEPARKU.S. Ambassador to Sri Lanka Alaina B. Teplitz says that Sri Lanka should choose its partners based on openness, transparency and true investments rather than loans.We're not taking anything away from investors - SEC ChairmanEconomic Freedom of Sri LankaCSE Chairman Dumith Fernando Joins Indeewari Amuwatte @Hydepark on Ada Derana 24Inaugural speech by His Excellency President Gotabaya Rajapaksa at Sri Lanka Economic Summit 2020US SEC. of State Mike Pompeo Joins Indeewari Amuwatte @Hydepark on Ada Derana 24Foreign Secretary Joins Indeewari Amuwatte @HYDEPARK on Ada Derana 24GET REAL - Senior Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka Dr. Nandalal WeerasingheMAS joins global efforts to contain spread of COVID-19Preventing Disruptions to Economic Activity amidst the Spread of the COVID-19 PandemicDUMITH FERNANDO JOINS INDEEWARI AMUWATTE @HYDEPARK ON ADA DERANA 24FORMER CBSL GOVERNOR AJITH NIVARD CABRAAL JOINS INDEEWARI AMUWATTE @HYDEPARK ON ADA DERANA 24BE BOLD! DR. MARK MOBIUS TELLS SRI LANKASri Lanka urgently needs a nation branding strategy that will help the island nation be a game-changer - Dr. Udaya IndrarathnaLotus Tower officially declared openAgreement signed to develop East container terminal at Colombo PortUpdate from Washington: US Foreign Policy towards China and South Asia and what it means for Sri LankaEaster Day attacks are a blow in the economy at large, not just tourism industryILO Launches Report on the Future of Work in Sri LankaMacroeconomic Impact of the Budget 2019Fiscal Impact of the Budget 2019Harry Jayawardena @ KPMG's post Budget ForumDissecting Budget 2019Sri Lanka Economic Association – Annual Sessions 2018Land reclamation for Port City completedSri Lanka Targeting 3 Million Tourists in 2019Susantha Ratnayake bids farewell to JKH, Balendra junior in as ChairmanThe economy cannot operate isolation - PallewattaDo we have the money to pay our obligations coming due next year? Answer is yes.CBSL Governor Dr. Indrajit Coomaraswamy, addressing 22nd Annual General Meeting of the ACGMr. Ranjit Page addressing the 2nd Annual General Meeting of the Sri Lanka Retailers’ AssociationCentral Bank issues a new series of coinsUS$ 184 million spent to defend Rupee - CBSL GovernorSri Lanka PM Ranil ‘Concerned on rebalancing of the Global Order’ at World Economic Forum on ASEANSri Lanka Economic Summit 2018 - Keynote Address Mr. Arun M Kumar - Chairman and CEO, KPMG IndiaSL at risk of exchange rate crisis - NomuraSumal Perera suggests Dhammika Perera should be the Next Presidential Candidate at Fireside ChatSL's IT/BPM Marks $1.2 Bn in Revenue - EDBContent creators can now monetize via YouTube in Sri Lanka!There are about 20 other reports like of the bond scam - Auditor GeneralA rapid development in coming 18 months - PMEconomic growth cannot be achieved with a small marketSL Rupee should be allowed to float – IMFSri Lanka highly important in terms of business in South Asia - Petri PeltonenSri Lanka blessed with rich natural resources we can only dream about - Harri KämäräinenGovt planning new national economic strategy – Prof. Lalith SamarakoonSri Lanka rupee hits record lowMonetary Board decides to reduce SLFR by 25 bpsEU delegation highlights need for further progress on human rightsTourism Minister requests diplomats to invite countrymen to visit SLSri Lanka statistics office withdraws GDP dataJapan-Sri Lanka Business Forum held under President's patronageEvening with a Corporate Leader : Mr Dhammika PereraThere is scarcity of talent - Kathy Tingate, Director HR, Microsoft Asia PacificGas cylinder prices to be increased?Budget Openness: Sri Lanka Needs Higher StandardsStock Market continues strong start to the year with the second listing of 2018United States GSP program expires on Dec 31President to request Russia to withdraw tea banJAT Holdings could go public in SingaporeLVL Energy Fund announces Rs. 1.2 billion IPO to fund its strategic growth and expansionWe still haven't found all the dead bodies - PMA budget office to be established in parliament by the end of 2018 - Minister EranWe have a serious concern about debt distress – CBSL GovernorPetroleum Minister Arjuna Ranatunga explains cause for fuel shortageAnika Wijesuriya has fled country due to threats - AG's DeptSri Lanka and Finland to ink agreement on digitalizationMorison PLC unveiled to mark new eraDSL Enterprises joins with Little Hearts social welfare projectPM inaugurates largest naval vessel to be produced in SLAG's dept grills PTL legal officers over litigation errorPresident declares open star class hotel in Nuwara EliyaFormer CB Governor questioned on Greek bond investmentsNew Inland Revenue Bill to be tabled on FridayRevelations at treasury bond commission by former EPF SuperintendentBOI should be closed down - Justice MinisterAloysius asked to hand over personal electronic devices to bond commissionSri Lanka Customs launches online payment platform for declarationsSri Lanka’s tallest building gets shaky from the startBeneficiaries of EPF will have to pay taxes - BandulaWe need an export oriented economy - PMRavi Karunanayake on why he switched from finance to foreign affairsSL looking to import fabric to meet new demand due to GSP+ - Felix Fernando18% duty on fish exports to be lifted under GSP+GSP+ is granted to encourage govt. towards reforms - Tung-Lai MargueNew tax revenue proposal to increase government coffers - RaviDHL is committed to enhancing its investments in SLHambantota port deal is a major plus, will benefit country - CB GovernorDerana launches Derana SME Club with IDBWe will bring in new legislation – PMSL’s first A320 touches down at BIAAll securities issued by the government are absolutely safe – CB GovernorSri Lanka spending Rs 35 billion to import milk powder - HarshaGoogle internet balloon plan hits a legal snag - HarinLAUGFS Creates History at HambantotaFinance Minister calls CB Governor a hospital attendant - VIDEOEPF can buy over all companies in Sri Lanka, says Premier – VIDEOHandunnetti questions how Perpetual Treasuries gained heavenly wisdom – VIDEOLondon Stock Exchange Group opens new technology facility in Sri Lanka - VIDEO
The requested content cannot be found
A Crisis If Economy Does Not Grow – Sujeewa Mudalige & Talal Rafi

Stock Market

Exchange Rates